Hardware layer of Web Interaction Model
| Signs and Metaphors | Images, icons, colors, sounds, implied comparisons. |
| Information Architecture | Structure, navigation |
| Software | Software combines function and design, allowing the user to view and interact with the first two layers. Software includes languages, applications, databases, and bundled software solutions. |
| Networks and internet | Public (Internet), private (intranet, extranet), protocols, addresses |
| Hardware | Client, server, router, and modem |